Elaborate complex consisting of horizontal assembly building, huge circular rail line, and mobile erector/launcher. Built at the Soviet Vladimirovka flight test facility south of Kapustin Yar.

• 1957 August 1 - Burya first launch attempt Launch Vehicle: Burya. Launch abort.. Burya 2/1 Objective was limited to test of operation of first stage boosters. The AVD Engine Cutoff System activated on ignition due to destruction of an OT-155 propellant valve in one of the booster engines. The missile remained on the pad. The stage boosters were dismounted, checked, and reassembled.

• 1957 September 1 - Burya flight 1 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Premature release of the jet vanes - missile cleared the launch tower, then arced over and crashed. Burya 2/1 Objective was limited to test of operation of first stage boosters. After launch, there was a premature release of the jet vanes. The missile cleared the launch tower, then immediately arced over and crashed with a huge explosion within sight of the launch pad.

• 1957 October 30 - Burya flight 2 Launch Vehicle: Burya. A booster engine turbopump failed at T+30 seconds. Booster acceleration dropped and the flight was terminated. Burya 2/3

• 1958 March 21 - Burya flight 3 Launch Vehicle: Burya. The flight continued only to T+63 seconds. Severe vibrations were encountered and the missile was unstable in flight. At T+60 seconds, the autopilot put the missile into a dive.. Burya 2/2 Objective was limited to test of operation of first stage boosters. The second stage was a mass model (the tanks were filled with sand). The flight was planned to last 96 seconds.

• 1958 April 28 - Burya flight 4 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Failure of an electric circuit led to premature cutoff of the boosters. Burya 1-03 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Cruise stage tanks 2 and 3 were filled with water, the engine feed tank was filled with propellant, and tanks 1 and 4 were empty. Mass was reduced by 30% from that of a fully fueled stage. The boosters were fully fueled. A slightly different turbopump was installed on the engines in comparison to earlier flights. The flight was to demonstrate simultaneous control of the missile using both aerodynamic surfaces and exhaust vanes after T+50 seconds. The flight continued to T+81 seconds, when failure of an electric circuit led to premature cutoff of the boosters.

• 1958 May 22 - Burya flight 5 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 2-01 Apogee: 17 km (10 mi). As in previous flight, cruise stage 30% below design weight, and propellant tanks mainly filled with water. The flight continued to T+120 seconds. The boosters worked normally and shut off at T+90.5 seconds, with the vehicle at 17.3 km altitude and flying at Mach 2.95-2.97. Simultaneously the ramjets of the cruise stage ignited. Stage separation was normal and the aerodynamic sensors and diffuser worked normally.

• 1958 June 11 - Burya launch attempt Launch Vehicle: Burya. The AVD Engine Cutoff System activated at T+6 seconds due to a problem in one of the chambers of the boosters. Launch did not occur.. Burya 3/1 Cruise stage tanks 2 and 3 and engine feed tank all filled with fuel. Tanks 1 and 4 were empty.

• 1958 July 3 - Burya flight 6 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 3/1 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Launched after prior 11 June flight attempt. The booster stage was replaced. Controlled flight program ended at T+56 seconds due to damaged circuits connected to the autopilot.

• 1958 July 13 - Burya flight 7 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 3/2 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Cruise stage tanks 1 and 4 empty. The flight lasted only to T+96 seconds. At this point, duirng fseparation of the boost and cruise stages the vehicle became unstable and was unable to achieve level powered cruise flight.

• 1958 September 10 - Burya flight 8 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 1-01 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Cruise stage tanks 1 and 4 empty. The boosters operated normally and the cruise stage ignited at Mach 2.95-3.0. At T+95 seconds there were problems at separation of the boosters, leading to cruise stage instability and an asymmetric airflow through the ramjet diffuser leading. This caused significant variations in thrust. The pressure in tank 3 dropped at T+160s econds and the ramjet flamed out.

• 1958 December 28 - Burya flight 9 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Vehicle broke up due to an explosion in the empty propellant tank.. Burya 2-04 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Cruise stage tanks 1 and 4 empty. The flight continued to T+309 seconds, the longest to date, at which point the vehicle broke up due to an explosion in the empty propellant tank. The boosters operated normally but separation took place normally at Mach 3.3-3.4 (higher than expected).

• 1959 March 29 - Burya flight 10 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 3-04 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Cruise stage tanks 1 and 4 empty. The flight continued to T+25 minutes 20 seconds over a distance of 1,315 km. Booster stage operation and separation were normal, no vibrations were detected. The cruise stage ignited but the Air Sensor System (SVD) operated abnormally. As a result there was a reduction of velocity from that planned.

• 1959 April 19 - Burya flight 11 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 2-05 Apogee: 17 km (10 mi). Range: 1,766 km (1,097 mi). Launched after prior 20 Februry flight attempt. The suspect booster was replaced. Successful flight lasting T+33.5 minutes, achieving a range of 1,766 km and a speed of Mach 3.15 at 17.0 km altitude.

• 1959 October 2 - Burya flight 12 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 2/4 Apogee: 17 km (10 mi). First flight with propellant in tank 4 of the cruise stage. Boosters featured an improved main engines without OT-155 valve (S2.1150 replacing S2.1100). The cruise stage used the improved RD-012U ramjet in place of the previous RD-012. The first stage operated faultlessly and separation was normal without vibrations. Ignition of the cruise stage occurred at Mach 2.87 at 16.8 km altitude. The SVD Air Sensor System worked abnormally, so the decision was made to disconnect the SVD sensors and fly the mission using only the astronavigation system and hold inertial velocity to Mach 3.15-3.2. The flight continued to T+10 minutes 17 seconds and the planned flight program was completed.

• 1960 February 20 - Burya flight 13 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 10-02 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Planned to fly complete course with astronavigation system. Missile successfully flew 5,500 km.

• 1960 March 6 - Burya flight 14 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 10-04 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Planned to fly complete course with astronavigation system. Engine operation was rough due to high angle of attack (5-8°) of the diffuser. As a result, the flight was terminated at T+26 minutes after the missile had flown 1,500 km.

• 1960 March 23 - Burya flight 15 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 10-03 Apogee: 25 km (15 mi). Range: 6,500 km (4,000 mi). Planned to fly complete course from Vladimirovka to Cape Ozerniy. Launch mass of the booster stage was 97,215 kg, and that of the crusie stage 34,680 kg. The second stage ignited at Mach 2.85. The booster stage engines cut-off at Mach 3.2. Stage separation occurred normally at T+101.3 seconds. The cruise stage astronavigation system acquired its guide stars at T+114 seconds. The cruise stage began level flight at 18 km altitude. The vehicle flew along its assigned 6,500 km route for 2 hours 4 minutes at an altitude of 18-24.5 km at Mach 3.2-3.15. At T+118 minutes, with the fuel completely exhausted, the ramjet flamed out. At T+121 minutes power was transferred to the emergency batteries and the vehicle was issued a destruct command, but the rudders did not work. Flight with a steady loss of altitude continued to T+124 minutes.

• 1960 December 16 - Burya flight 16 Launch Vehicle: Burya. Burya 10-05 Apogee: 15 km (9 mi). Range: 6,425 km (3,992 mi). Test of AN-2Sh astronavigation system capability for flight in both daytime and nighttime conditions. The missile flew a range of 6,425 km at Mach 3.1-3.2. The flight was only terminated when the cruise stage used up all of its propellant.