Fort Knox (Maine)

This article is about the historic fort in Maine, United States. For the US Army post, see Fort Knox. For the census-designated place, see Fort Knox, Kentucky.

Fort Knox
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Fort Knox, Maine painting by Seth Eastman done between 1870 and 1875
Location	Prospect, Maine
Coordinates	44°33′58.3″N 68°48′8.7″W
Area	124 acres (50 ha)
Built	1844
Architect	Unknown
Architectural style	No Style Listed
NRHP Reference #	69000023
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 01, 1969
Designated NHL	December 30, 1970

Fort Knox, now Fort Knox State Park or Fort Knox State Historic Site, is located on the western bank of the Penobscot River in the town of Prospect, Maine, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the mouth of the river. Built between 1844 and 1869, it was the first fort in Maine built of granite (instead of wood). It is named after Major General Henry Knox, the first U.S. Secretary of War and Commander of Artillery during the American Revolutionary War, who at the end of his life lived not far away in Thomaston. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, as a virtually intact example of a mid-19th century granite coastal fortification. Fort Knox also serves as the entry site for the observation tower of the Penobscot Narrows Bridge that opened to the public on May 19, 2007.

Background

Local memory of the humiliation of Maine at the hands of the British during the American Revolution and again during the War of 1812 contributed to subsequent anti-British feeling in Eastern Maine. The Penobscot Expedition of 1779 aimed to force the British from Castine, but ended in a debacle. The Americans lost 43 ships and suffered approximately 500 casualties in the worst naval defeat for the United States prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Then in autumn 1814, during the War of 1812, a British naval force and soldiers sailed up the Penobscot and defeated an outnumbered American force in the Battle of Hampden. The British followed their victory by looting both Hampden and Bangor. The American defeat contributed to the post-war movement for Maine's statehood, which occurred in 1820, as Massachusetts had failed to protect the region.

The Aroostook War of 1838-1839 revived anti-British feeling and concern over the vulnerability of the region to another attack like that of 1814. Also, Penobscot and Bangor were a major source of shipbuilding lumber. The response was the inclusion of the Penobscot in the Third System of coastal fortifications, and the construction of Fort Knox, a large, expensive, granite fort at the mouth of the Penobscot River.

Construction

Construction funding from Congress was intermittent, and the fort's design was never fully completed despite an expenditure of $1,000,000. Granite was quarried five miles (8 km) upriver from Mount Waldo in Frankfort.

The fort had two batteries facing the river, each equipped with a furnace to heat cannonballs sufficiently that they could ignite wooden ships if the ball lodged in the vessel. These furnaces became obsolete with the adoption of ironclads.

Use

Fort Knox never saw battle, though it was manned during times of war. During the American Civil War, volunteers from Maine, mostly recruits in training before assignment to active duty, manned the fort. Thomas Lincoln Casey supervised work on the fort, including adapting the batteries to use the recently invented Rodman cannon, and oversaw its completion.

A regiment from Connecticut manned Fort Knox during the Spanish–American War. The garrison was reduced to one man, the "Keeper of the Fort", upon their departure at the end of the war. The keeper attended to the condition and maintenance of the fort, and reported to Fort Preble, in Portland.

In 1923, the federal government declared the fort excess property and put its 125-acre (51 ha) grounds up for sale. The state of Maine bought it for $2,121. It is now a Maine state historic site and was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970.

Friends of Fort Knox

The Friends of Fort Knox, a nonprofit group formed in the 1990s, has been responsible for many fort repairs and improvements. Friends of Fort Knox projects include the transformation of the Torpedo Storage Shed into the Visitor and Education Center, restoration of the Officer's Quarters, installation of interpretive panels, repair of Battery A powder magazine, restoration and display of four 24-pound flank defense howitzers, repair and opening of the enlisted men's quarters, cistern, rooms and extensive masonry repair.

The Friends reached an agreement with the State Department of Conservation to take over day-to-day operations of the Fort, and began doing so on April 15, 2012. The State retains ownership of the fort as part of the agreement. The lease runs through 2015 and requires the Friends to be responsible for all maintenance of the grounds as well as the interior and exterior of buildings on the property. The Friends may also improve or alter the fort as long as any changes are consistent with the law.

Beginning in 2012 the Friends were authorized to set the entrance fee to the fort, with the approval of the Bureau of Parks and Lands, with such fees consistent with the goal of keeping entry affordable for Maine residents. In exchange, the Friends keep 85 percent of entrance fee revenue, with the rest going to the State General Fund.

Image gallery

• 

  Sally Port-entrance to the fort
• 

  Parade Ground, storage vault covers
• 

  Terreplein - never armed
• 

  View of Bucksport
• 

  A passage between casemates
• 

  A medium-sized (10 inch) Rodman cannon
• 

  Panorama of the fort entrance
• 

  View from Bucksport, Maine waterfront

See also

• National Register of Historic Places in Waldo County, Maine
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Maine

External links

• Friends of Fort Knox web site
• The Fort Knox Roll Book Website