Tucumán Province
| Tucumán | |||
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| Province | |||
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| Nickname(s): The Garden of the Republic |
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.svg) Location of Tucumán within Argentina |
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| Coordinates: 26°56′S 65°20′W / 26.94°S 65.34°WCoordinates: 26°56′S 65°20′W / 26.94°S 65.34°W | |||
| Country | Argentina | ||
| Capital | San Miguel de Tucumán | ||
| Departments | 17 | ||
| Municipalities and rural communes | 112 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governor | José Alperovich (PJ) | ||
| • Deputies | 9 | ||
| • Senators | 3 | ||
| Area Ranked 22nd |
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| • Total | 22,524 km2 (8,697 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2010[1]) | |||
| • Total | 1,448,188 | ||
| • Rank | 6th | ||
| • Density | 64/km2 (170/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | tucumano | ||
| Time zone | ART (UTC−3) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | AR-T | ||
| Website | www |
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Tucumán (Spanish pronunciation: [tukuˈman]) is the most densely populated, and the smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina. Located in the northwest of the country, the province has the capital of San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán. Neighboring provinces are, clockwise from the north: Salta, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca. It is nicknamed El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.
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Etymology[edit]
The word Tucumán probably originated from the Quechua languages. It may represent a deformation of the term Yucumán, which denotes the "place of origin of several rivers". It can also be a deformation of the word Tucma, which means "the end of things". Before Spanish colonization, the region lay in the outer limits of the Inca empire.[2]
History[edit]
Before the Spanish colonization, this land was inhabited by the Diaguitas, who practiced agriculture.
In 1533 Diego de Almagro explored the Argentine Northwest, including Tucumán.[citation needed] In 1549 the Peruvian governor Pedro de la Gasca granted Juan Núñez de Prado the territory of Tucumán. Prado established the first Spanish settlement at the town of Barco on the Dulce River.[3] Prado named his province "Tucumán" after Tucumamahao, one of the leaders of the local people who formed an alliance with him.[4] In 1552 Francisco de Aguirre was dispatched to take possession of the territory for Chile. Aguirre followed a repressive policy, triggering a rebellion by the native people. Outnumbered, the colonists were forced to move in 1553 to a new location, where they founded the town of Santiago del Estero.[3]
By 1565 Diego de Villaroel founded San Miguel de Tucumán and the Provincia de Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas was organized. Because of frequent attacks by the indigenous peoples, the Malones, in 1685 San Miguel de Tucumán was moved by Miguel de Salas some 65 kilometres from its first location, where it was redeveloped. The regional aborigines of the region presented a strong resistance to the Spanish, who decided to move the defeated tribes toward Buenos Aires. The most noted of these relocations was the case of the Quilmes, who were moved to the city of Quilmes.
Tucumán was a midpoint for shipments of gold and silver from the Viceroyalty of Peru to Buenos Aires. It produced cattle, textiles, and wood products that provided supplies for the convoys on their way to Buenos Aires. Because of its important geographical position, and as head of the civil and Catholic governments it acquired special importance during the 18th century.
The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 meant the end of the convoys from Perú to Buenos Aires. Tucumán, with 20,000 inhabitants by that time, suffered also from the British imports from the newly opened customs of Buenos Aires, no longer under the monopoly of the Spanish Crown.
In 1783 the Intendency of Tucumán was divided; Tucumán was set under the control of the Intendency of Salta del Tucumán, with its centre in Salta. José de San Martín arrived in Tucumán in 1813 and installed the Military School. In 1814 the Intendency of Salta was divided into the present provinces.
On July 9, 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán, the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of the Río de la Plata") declared their independence from Spain. Internal conflicts delayed the final fusion of the provinces into the República Argentina.
Following the failure of Argentina's first independence-era government, the Directorio, Governor Bernabé Aráoz on March 22, 1820, proclaimed the creation of the "Federal Republic of Tucumán." The experiment collapsed, however, when the neighboring provinces of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero withdrew the following year.
The beginning of the 20th century, with the customs restrictions and the arrival of the railway, brought prosperous economic times for the province and its sugarcane production. Numerous landmarks were built, such as Ninth of July Park and the Tucumán Government Palace, and a daily newspaper founded in 1912, La Gaceta, became the most circulated Argentine daily outside Buenos Aires; but, the sugar price crisis of the 1960s and President Juan Carlos Onganía's order to have eleven large state-owned sugar mills closed in 1966, hit Tucumán's economy hard, and ushered in an era of instability for the province.[5]
In 1975, President Isabel Perón declared a state of emergency in the province. The decree led to Operation Independence, an official military campaign at least as brutal on local magistrates, lawmakers and faculty as it was on its stated target, the ERP. Violence did not fully abate until the appointment of General Antonio Domingo Bussi, the operation's commander, as governor at the behest of the dictatorship that deposed Perón in 1976. Efficient as well as ruthless, Bussi oversaw the completion of several stalled public works; but, also presided over some of the worst human rights abuses during that painful 1976-77 period.[6] Retaining a sizable following, Bussi was elected governor in his own right in 1995, but lost much of his earlier popularity during his four-year tenure.
Life in Tucumán has since returned to a certain normality. Its economy has recovered strongly during the expansive period Argentina has had in the decade since 2002. José Alperovich, elected governor in 2003, has presided over record investment in public works while reaping criticism for attempts to eliminate term limits for his office.
Geography[edit]
Despite Tucumán's small size, it has two main different geographical systems. The east is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north. The Cerro del Bolsón is the highest peak at an elevation of 5,550 metres (18,209 ft).
The Salí is the province’s main river. Tucumán also has four dams that are used for hydroelectricity and irrigation: El Cadillal on Salí River, the province’s most important dam; Embalse Río Hondo on the Hondo River; La Angostura on de los Sosa River; and Escaba on the Marapa River. The Santa María River crosses the Valles Calchaquíes.
Climate[edit]
Tucuman lies at the convergence of temperate climates and tropical climates further north, retaining characteristics of both in the lowlands. Furthermore, it is highly monsoonal, and depends also on elevation. As a rule of thumb, the far east is dryer and hotter, whereas the Piedmont sees many storms in the summer which moderate temperatures. The first foothills are very humid, provoking a dense jungle, and as altitude increases, a thick forest and then cool grasslands. The westernmost areas are once again a bit dryer because of a rain shadow.
Summers are long, hot and humid, with high temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 33 °C (86 F to 91F) and nighttime lows around 20 °C (68F) from November to March (5 months). Fall arrives with dryer conditions and cooler nights, and temperatures drop progressively until winter, when highs hover around 18 °C (64F) and nights around 7 °C (45F), and conditions are very dry (but often foggy). There are frequent warm spells in midwinter, when temperatures may reach 28 °C (82F) for a few days, followed by cold spells with high temperatures close to 10 °C (50F). Night frosts are lighter and less frequent than in the Pampas region, and most of the time the temperature will only descend to 0 °C to -2 °C (32F to 28F) a few nights in the year. Springs arrive very quickly and present hot and dry conditions. Precipitation in the lowlands ranges from 600 mm (24 in) in the east, to close to 1,200 mm in the foothills (48 in), in a very monsoonal pattern with 4-5 completely dry winter months, and a peak of about 200 mm (7.9 in) in the rainiest summer month.
The eastward facing slopes concentrate not only the heaviest precipitation, with spots around 1,800 mm (71 in) falling mostly in the 5 months of the summer monsoon; they also have a unique characteristic, which is that during part of the year, they are constantly immersed in a thick fog, providing humidity for the development of a thick jungle. The climate quickly becomes decidedly temperate with altitude, supporting different kinds of forest which even receive some snow every winter, finally reaching high-altitude grasslands with cool, windy weather year-round.
The high valleys in the west are significantly dryer, with pleasant summers with strong solar radiation and warm afternoons and cold nights, and extremely sunny winters with high thermal amplitude: days can easily surpass 15 °C to 20 °C (59F to 68F), but nights will be frosty, sometimes several degrees below the freezing point.
The abundant precipitation creates a wide area of abundant vegetation and justifies Tucumán’s title of "Jardín de la República" (Garden of the Republic).
Economy[edit]
Long among the most underdeveloped Argentine provinces, Tucumán Province has been growing strongly, and, in 2006, its economy reached US$7.2 billion (which shall be around US$11 billion in 2011, according to Argentina's economical growing), the nation's 7th largest. Its per capita output of US$5,400 (around US$7,900 in 2011) was nearly 40% below the national average but compares favourably with that of most of its neighbors.[7] In 2012, the per capita income of the province is of 8,000 dollars
Known internationally for its prodigious sugarcane (with 2,300 km², and the sugar production, 60% of the country's), Tucumán's economy is quite diversified and agriculture accounts for about 7% of output. After the sugar crisis of the 1960s, Tucumán tried to diversify its crops and now cultivates, among others, lemons (world 1st. producer), strawberries, kiwifruit, beans, maize, alfalfa, and soybeans.
Cattle, sheep, and goats are raised mainly for local consumption.
Manufacturing in Tucumán initially centered around sugar production but has diversified significantly since 1960. Sugar mills add about 15% to the total economy. Besides the industrialisation of the sugarcane into sugar, paper, and alcohol, there are food, textile, automotive, and metallurgical industries. Among the latter, the freight-truck assembly operated by the Volkswagen Group controlled Swedish Scania company is probably the best known. Mining is a minor activity, centered on salt, clay, lime and other non-metallic extractions.
Cultural and sport tourism is common in the province, and attracts a number of Argentine tourists every year. The Panamerican Highway (Route 9) crosses San Miguel de Tucumán, and connects it with Santiago del Estero and Buenos Aires. The city also serves as a mid-stop for tourists visiting other provinces of the Argentine Northwest. The Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport have regular flights to Buenos Aires and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and receives almost 300,000 passengers every year.
The most visited destinations of the Province are the Campo de los Alisos National Park, Valles Calchaquíes, Tafí del Valle, Ruins of Quilmes, the Diaguita community of Amaicha del Valle, and the city of San Miguel de Tucumán.
There are four important universities in the province: the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (with 60,000 students), the Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino and the Universidad de San Pablo-T.
Political division[edit]
The province is divided into 17 departments (Spanish departamentos).
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Censo 2010 Argentina resultados definitivos: mapas". 200.51.91.231. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ El nombre "Tucumán" (Spanish)
- ^ a b Moses, Bernard (November 1966). The Spanish Dependencies In South America. Routledge. pp. 184–186. ISBN 978-0-7146-2034-3. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ^ Page, Thomas Jefferson (1859). La Plata, the argentine Confederation, and Paraguay: Being a narrative of the exploration of the tributaries of the river La Plata and adjacent countries during the years 1853, '54, '55, and '56, under the orders of the United States government. Trubner & Co. p. 404. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ^ Archdiocese of Tucumán
- ^ Andersen, Martin. Dossier Secreto. Westview Press, 1993.
- ^ "I.A.D.E.R".
Further reading[edit]
- Juarez-Dappe, Patricia (2010). When Sugar Ruled: Economy and Society in Northwestern Argentina, Tucuman, 1876-1916. Ohio University Press.
External links[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tucumán. |
- Tucuman.gov.ar Tucuman Province Official Website
- TucumanTurismo.gov.ar Tucuman Tourism Official Website
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