Yekaterinburg

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This article is about a major city in Russia. For the ballistic missile submarine, see Russian submarine K-84 Ekaterinburg.
Yekaterinburg (in English)
Екатеринбург (Russian)
Sverdlovsk (1924-91)
-  City[1]  -
Collage de Ekaterimburgo.jpg
From top left to clockwise: Vysotsky, City Administrative Building, Sevastyanov's House, Yekaterinburg Metro station Botanicheskaya, Yekaterinburg City, Church of All Saints
Map of Russia - Sverdlovsk Oblast (2008-03).svg
Location of Sverdlovsk Oblast in Russia
Yekaterinburg is located in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg
Location of Yekaterinburg in Sverdlovsk Oblast
Coordinates: 56°50′N 60°35′E / 56.833°N 60.583°E / 56.833; 60.583Coordinates: 56°50′N 60°35′E / 56.833°N 60.583°E / 56.833; 60.583
Coat of Arms of Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk oblast).svg
Flag of Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk oblast).svg
Coat of arms
Flag
City Day 3rd Saturday of August[citation needed]
Administrative status (as of 2011)
Country Russia
Federal subject Sverdlovsk Oblast[1]
Administratively subordinated to City of Yekaterinburg[2]
Administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast,[1] City of Yekaterinburg[citation needed]
Municipal status (as of June 2009)
Urban okrug Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug[3]
Administrative center of Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug[3]
Head[4] Yevgeny Roizman[4]
Representative body City Duma[5]
Statistics
Area 495 km2 (191 sq mi)[6]
Population (2010 Census) 1,349,772 inhabitants[7]
- Rank in 2010 4th
Population (2017 est.) 1,488,791 inhabitants[8]
Density 2,727/km2 (7,060/sq mi)[9]
Time zone YEKT (UTC+05:00)[10]
Founded November 18, 1723[11]
City status since 1796[citation needed]
Previous names Yekaterinburg (until 1924),[12]
Sverdlovsk (until 1991)[12]
Postal code(s)[13] 620000
Dialing code(s) +7 343[13]
Official website
Yekaterinburg on Wikimedia Commons

Yekaterinburg (Russian: Екатеринбу́рг; IPA: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk]), alternatively romanised as Ekaterinburg, is Russia's fourth-largest city after Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Novosibirsk, with a population of 1,349,772 as of 2010.[7] Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia.[14][15] Situated on the Iset River, the city was built in November 18, 1723, and named after Russian emperor Peter the Great's wife, Yekaterina, who later became Catherine I after Peter's death. In 1924, the city was named Sverdlovsk (Russian: Свердло́вск) after the Communist party leader Yakov Sverdlov, and in 1991 back to Yekaterinburg.

Yekaterinburg is a modern city in Russia, and is the main industrial and cultural centre of the Ural Federal District. The city had experienced economic and population growth in the Contemporary Era and some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia are built here.

History[edit]

See also: Timeline of Yekaterinburg
This photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky from 1910 shows the tallest building in the pre-revolutionary Urals, the Great Zlatoust bell tower

Imperial Era (1723-1917)[edit]

Further Information: Russian Empire

Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg in 1723 and named it after the wife of Russian emperor Peter the Great, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine I.[11] The official date of the city's foundation is November 18, 1723.[11] It was granted town status in 1796.[citation needed]

The city was one of Russia's first industrial cities, prompted at the start of the eighteenth century by decrees from the Tsar requiring the development in Yekaterinburg of metal-working businesses. The city was built, with extensive use of iron, to a regular square plan with iron works and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls, so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It therefore found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian highway became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window on Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, nominated the city as the administrative centre for the wider region, which led to a further increase in the numbers of military and administrative personnel in the city.[citation needed]

Following the October Revolution, the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II were sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city.

In the early hours of the morning of July 17, 1918, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were executed by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. On July 16, 1918, the Czechoslovak legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. The Bolsheviks executed the deposed imperial family, believing that the Czechoslovaks were on a mission to rescue them. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city.

Snow-covered statue of Yakov Sverdlov

Soviet Era (1917-1991)[edit]

Further Information: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

In 1924, after the Russian Revolution, the city of Yekaterinburg was named Sverdlovsk after the Communist party leader Yakov Sverdlov. During the 1930s, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry, during which time the famous Uralmash was built. Then, during World War II, many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945.[citation needed]

The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Khrushchev's government.

On May 1, 1960, an American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers while under the employ of the CIA, was shot down over Sverdlovsk Oblast. He was captured, put on trial, found guilty of espionage and sentenced to seven years of hard labour. He served only about a year before being exchanged for Rudolf Abel, a high-ranking KGB spy, who had been apprehended in the United States in 1957.

Cathedral on the Blood stands on the site of the Ipatiev House, where the Romanovs—the last royal family of Russia—were executed

In 1977, the Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin, to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists. Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998.[16]

There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility.[17]

Contemporary Era (1991-present)[edit]

Further Information: Russian Federation

During the 1991 coup d'état attempt, Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in the event that Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time.[18] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 4 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name.

On August 24, 2007, the BBC reported that Russian archaeologists had found the remains of two children of Russia's last Tsar. The remains were discovered in the ground close to the site in Yekaterinburg where the former Tsar, his wife, and their three other daughters were found in 1991 along with the remains of four servants. The discoveries in 2007 are thought to be those of Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria. Archaeologist Sergei Pogorelov said bullets found at the burial site indicate the children had been shot. He told Russian television the newly unearthed bones belonged to two young people: a young male aged roughly 10–13 and a young woman about 18–23. Ceramic vessels found nearby appear to have contained sulfuric acid, consistent with an account by one of the Bolshevik firing squad, who said that after shooting the family they doused the bodies in acid to destroy the flesh and prevent them becoming objects of veneration.[19] The Tsar's remains were given a state funeral in July 1998.[20]

Geography and Climate[edit]

Location[edit]

Yekaterinburg is situated on the border of Europe and Asia, 1,667 kilometers (1,036 mi) east of Moscow and 3,375 kilometers (2,097 mi) west of Irkutsk. A misconception many people believe about Yekaterinburg is that it is located in Siberia, which is not.[21]

The city has a total area of 495 square kilometers (191 sq mi).

Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains, also known as the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River, which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River. There are two lakes in the city, notably the Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, in which the Iset River goes through. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both nearby the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near the town of Sredneuralsk, and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.

Time[edit]

Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of the UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time.

Climate[edit]

The city features a humid continental climate (Dfb) under the Köppen climate classification. The winter lasts for about six months—from October until the middle of April—and the temperature may fall to −45 °C (−49 °F), though rarely lower than −20 °C (−4 °F) to −25 °C (−13 °F). Summer in the Urals is short, with warm weather for only 65–70 days and an average temperature of +18 °C (64 °F). The city's location "behind" the mountain range and highly variable winds mean that the weather is quite changeable from one day to the next and from year to year.

Climate data for Yekaterinburg
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1)		 9.4
(48.9)		 17.3
(63.1)		 28.8
(83.8)		 33.4
(92.1)		 35.6
(96.1)		 38.8
(101.8)		 37.2
(99)		 31.9
(89.4)		 24.7
(76.5)		 13.5
(56.3)		 5.9
(42.6)		 38.8
(101.8)
Average high °C (°F) −9.1
(15.6)		 −6.8
(19.8)		 1.0
(33.8)		 9.8
(49.6)		 17.4
(63.3)		 23.0
(73.4)		 24.4
(75.9)		 21.1
(70)		 14.5
(58.1)		 6.8
(44.2)		 −2.8
(27)		 −7.9
(17.8)		 7.6
(45.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.6
(9.3)		 −11.1
(12)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 4.3
(39.7)		 11.3
(52.3)		 17.1
(62.8)		 19.0
(66.2)		 15.9
(60.6)		 9.8
(49.6)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 −11.0
(12.2)		 3.0
(37.4)
Average low °C (°F) −15.7
(3.7)		 −14.5
(5.9)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 0.0
(32)		 6.2
(43.2)		 12.1
(53.8)		 14.4
(57.9)		 11.9
(53.4)		 6.4
(43.5)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −8.3
(17.1)		 −13.7
(7.3)		 −0.7
(30.7)
Record low °C (°F) −44.6
(−48.3)		 −42.4
(−44.3)		 −39.2
(−38.6)		 −21.8
(−7.2)		 −13.5
(7.7)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −9.0
(15.8)		 −22.7
(−8.9)		 −39.2
(−38.6)		 −46.7
(−52.1)		 −46.7
(−52.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27
(1.06)		 20
(0.79)		 21
(0.83)		 28
(1.1)		 50
(1.97)		 75
(2.95)		 90
(3.54)		 73
(2.87)		 58
(2.28)		 39
(1.54)		 33
(1.3)		 27
(1.06)		 541
(21.3)
Average rainy days 1 1 5 13 20 20 19 22 22 17 6 1 147
Average snowy days 26 23 18 10 4 0.4 0 0 2 13 23 25 144
Average relative humidity (%) 79 75 68 60 58 63 68 73 75 75 78 79 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47 94 164 206 256 272 269 217 143 78 51 37 1,834
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[22]
Source #2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[23]

Demographics[edit]

Street scene in Yekaterinburg

Having decreased during the 1990s, the population started to grow slowly in the 21st century.

Population growth
1724 1781 1820 1861 1917 1926 1939
4,000 7,969 13,026 19,832 71,590 134,800 423,000
1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010
778,600 1,025,000 1,211,200 1,364,621[24] 1,293,537[25] 1,349,772[7]

Government[edit]

Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the oblast.[1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities, incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg[2]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug.[3]

Central Yekaterinburg and the Iset River

Economy[edit]

Aquamarine apartment complex with the topped out 188-meter Vysotsky skyscraper in the background

The main areas of the city's industry are machinery, metal processing, and ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.[citation needed]

Recently the commercial economy has improved, and business centres like Yekaterinburg-City have been planned. Iset is the tallest skyscraper in Russia outside of Moscow.

Ural Airlines has its head office in Yekaterinburg.[26]

Transportation[edit]

Roads[edit]

The Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg and its purpose would be to help the economy of the city and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 1.5 to 2 times, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries.[27]

Public Transit[edit]

The city's public transit network includes many tram, bus, trolleybus, Marshrutka routes and Yekaterinburg Metro (underground) which opened in 1991. Today, the Yekaterinburg Metro consists of one line, with a total of nine stations. The Yekaterinburg children railway in the Central Park for Culture and Relaxation has four stations.

Rail[edit]

Yekaterinburg is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway, it's served by Sverdlovsk Railway with lines reaching all parts of the Ural Mountains and the rest of Russia.

Air[edit]

As the economy grew stronger after the recession of the 1990s, several European airlines started or resumed flying to the city's Koltsovo International Airport (SVX). These include Czech Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and Finnair. Yekaterinburg is also served by the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport.

Education[edit]

Main building of the Ural Federal University

The Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and numerous other scientific research institutes and establishments are in Yekaterinburg. With its 16 state-owned universities and educational academies, as well as a number of private higher education institutions, Yekaterinburg is considered the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals. These institutions include the Ural Federal University (comprising Ural State University and Ural State Technical University), Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State Mining University, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Russian State Vocational Pedagogics University, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory, Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy, Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, Institute of International Relations, and the Urals Academy of Architecture.

Culture[edit]

The Rastorguyev-Kharitonov Palace, built in 1794–1820

The city has several dozen libraries, including the V. G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Yekaterinburg is home to numerous theatres and theatre companies: the Yekaterinburg State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Sverdlovsk Academic theatre of Musical Comedy, the Yekaterinburg Academic Dramatic theatre, the Yekaterinburg theatre for Young Spectators, the Volkhonka (a popular chamber theatre), and the Kolyada theatre (a chamber theatre founded by Russian playwright, producer and actor Nikolai Kolyada). Yekaterinburg is the centre of New Drama, a movement of contemporary Russian playwrights Nikolai Kolyada, Vasily Sigarev, Konstantin Kostenko, the Presnyakov brothers, and Oleg Bogayev. Yekaterinburg is often called the capital of contemporary dance for a number of dance companies residing in the city: the Kipling, the Provincial Dances, the Tantstrest, and a special department of contemporary dance at the Yekaterinburg University of Humanities.

Yekaterinburg Circus.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif, Chicherina, Nautilus Pompilius, Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii, were originally formed in Yekaterinburg (Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov, Yuri Gulyayev, Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble.

There are over thirty museums in Yekaterinburg, including several museums of Ural minerals and jewelry, art galleries, one of the largest collections anywhere of Kasli mouldings (a traditional kind of cast-iron sculpture in the Urals), and the Shigirskaya Kladovaya (Шигирская кладовая), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest wood sculpture in the world: the Shigir Idol, found near Nevyansk and estimated to have been made about 9,500 years ago. Only here can you see a collection of Nevyansk icons, in the Nevyansk Icon Museum, with more than 300 icons representing the 18th through the 20th centuries on display.

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Program.[28]

Keyboard monument

Vladimir Yelizarov's Recording Studio SVE Records is based in Yekaterinburg. The studio is in a private residence built in 1837 under the title "The House of the Misters", in one of the historical centres of Yekaterinburg city, two hundred meters from Verkh-Isetsky Lake. In 1987, American singer Tina Turner recorded two tracks, which later appeared on her 1989 album Foreign Affair, whilst in the city as part of her highly acclaimed Break Every Rule World Tour.

Yekaterinburg also has a circus building, and one of the tallest incomplete architectural structures in the world, the Yekaterinburg TV Tower. There are also a number of unusual monuments: e. g. a popular landmark Keyboard monument and a monument to Michael Jackson.[29]

According to Yekaterinburg News, the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom, working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programs focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg.[30]

Sports[edit]

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Ural Yekaterinburg Association Football 1930 Russian Premier League 1st Central Stadium
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg Ice Hockey 2006 Kontinental Hockey League 1st KRK Uralets
Avto Yekaterinburg Ice Hockey 2009 Minor Hockey League Jr. 1st KRK Uralets
Spartak-Merkury Ice Hockey 1992 Women's Hockey Championship 1st Sports Palace Snezhinka
SKA-Sverdlovsk Bandy 1935 Russian Bandy Supreme League 2nd NTZ stadium
Ural Yekaterinburg Basketball 2006 Russian Basketball Super League 2nd Palace of Team Sports
UGMK Yekaterinburg Basketball 1938 Women's Basketball Premier League 1st Palace of Team Sports
Lokomotiv-Izumrud Yekaterinburg Volleyball 1945 Volleyball Supreme League A 2nd Palace of Team Sports
Uralochka Yekaterinburg Volleyball 1966 Women's Volleyball Superleague 1st Palace of Team Sports
Sinara Yekaterinburg Futsal 1992 Futsal Super League 1st Palace of Team Sports

The city is also one of the 11 host-cities that will receive matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches will be played on the upgraded Central Stadium.

International relations[edit]

Berlin Buddy Bears, a gift of the German Consulate General to the City of Yekaterinburg

Consulates[edit]

The United States,[31] United Kingdom,[32] Germany,[33] France,[34] China[35] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.

BRIC Summit[edit]

The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on June 16, 2009, in Yekaterinburg,[36] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.

The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on May 16, 2008.

World Expo[edit]

In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city’s bid to host the 2020 World Expo. Yekaterinburg’s concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalization on the modern world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries.[37]

Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

Yekaterinburg is a sister city of:

Notable people[edit]

Main article: List of people from Yekaterinburg
Main category: People from Yekaterinburg

Other[edit]

Border of Europe and Asia near Yekaterinburg

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Law #30-OZ
  2. ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 65 401», в ред. изменения №275/2015 от 1 сентября 2015 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 65 401, as amended by the Amendment #275/2015 of September 1, 2015. ).
  3. ^ a b c Law #85-OZ
  4. ^ a b Official website of Yekaterinburg. Alexander Edmundovich Yakob, Head of Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg (in Russian)
  5. ^ Charter of Yekaterinburg, Article 24.1
  6. ^ Стратегический план развития Екатеринбурга до 2015 года. Раздел II. Исходные конкурентные возможности Екатеринбурга. Внутренние факторы развития города.
  7. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. 
  8. ^ "Federal State Statistic Service". Government of Russia. 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2017-07-07. 
  9. ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  10. ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  11. ^ a b c Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, p. 32
  12. ^ a b "History - Официальный портал Екатеринбурга". Ekburg.ru. January 7, 1934. Retrieved 2012-04-04. 
  13. ^ a b Ekaterinburg.com. General Information
  14. ^ http://www.ekburg.ru/english_version/
  15. ^ http://www.ekaterinburg-ural.com/where-ekaterinburg-russia
  16. ^ "President Yeltsin speaks about Tsar Murder". BBC News. July 17, 1998. Retrieved 2012-04-04. 
  17. ^ Matthew S. Meselson, et al., "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979", Science 266:5188 (November 18, 1994): 1202–1208.
  18. ^ Martin McCauley, "Who's who in Russia since 1900", Routledge, 1997: p.133.
  19. ^ "Russia dig finds 'tsar's family'". BBC News. August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2012-04-04. 
  20. ^ "President Yelsin's speech". BBC News. July 17, 1998. Retrieved 2012-04-04. 
  21. ^ "Where is Ekaterinburg in Russia?". www.ekaterinburg-ural.com. Retrieved 2017-06-22. 
  22. ^ "Климат Екатеринбурга" (in Russian). Погода и климат. Retrieved 4 April 2016. 
  23. ^ "Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 April 2016. 
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Sources[edit]

  • Екатеринбургская городская Дума. Решение №8/1 от 30 июня 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"», в ред. Решения №1/27 от 27 января 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вестник Екатеринбургской городской Думы", №95, 15 июля 2005 г. (Yekaterinburg City Duma. Decision #8/1 of June 30, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg", as amended by the Decision #1/27 of January 27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Областной закон №30-ОЗ от 20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от 25 апреля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Областной закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Oblast Law #30-OZ of May 20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #32-OZ of April 25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
  • Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Закон №85-ОЗ от 12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от 29 октября 2013 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение 39 к Закону Свердловской области "О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Law #85-OZ of July 12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #107-OZ of October 29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).

Bibliography[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Yekaterinburg

External links[edit]

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