Monument to the Battle of the Nations

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Monument to the Battle of Nations
Völkerschlachtdenkmal
Leipzig - An der Tabaksmühle - Völkerschlachtdenkmal 07 ies.jpg
The monument in 2015
Coordinates 51°18′44″N 12°24′47″E / 51.31222°N 12.41306°E / 51.31222; 12.41306Coordinates: 51°18′44″N 12°24′47″E / 51.31222°N 12.41306°E / 51.31222; 12.41306
Location Leipzig, Saxony, Germany
Designer Bruno Schmitz
Material Granite-faced concrete
Length 80 metres (260 ft)
Width 70 metres (230 ft)
Height 91 metres (299 ft)
Beginning date 1898-10-18
Opening date 1913-10-18
Dedicated to Battle of Leipzig

The Monument to the Battle of the Nations (German: Völkerschlachtdenkmal, sometimes shortened to Völki[1]) is a monument in Leipzig, Germany, to the 1813 Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations. Paid for mostly by donations and by the city of Leipzig, it was completed in 1913 for the 100th anniversary of the battle, at a cost of 6 million Goldmark.

The monument commemorates Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig, a crucial step towards the end of hostilities in the War of the Sixth Coalition, which was seen[by whom?] as a victory for the German people, although Germany as it is known today did not begin to exist until 1870. There were German speakers fighting on both sides, as Napoleon's troops also included conscripted Germans from the French-occupied left bank of the Rhine as well as from the Confederation of the Rhine.

The structure is 91 metres (299 ft) tall. It contains over 500 steps to a viewing platform at the top, from which there are spectacular views across the city and environs. The structure makes extensive use of concrete, although the facings are of granite. The monument is widely regarded as one of the best examples of Wilhelmine architecture. It is said to stand on the spot of some of the bloodiest fighting, from where Napoleon ordered the retreat of his army.[2]

History[edit]

The monument under construction in 1912

Background[edit]

Between 16–19 October 1813, the Battle of the Nations was fought by the coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden against the French army of Napoleon aided by Polish and Italian troops as well as German-speakers from the Confederation of the Rhine. Napoleon's army was defeated and compelled to return to France while the Allies invaded France early the next year. Napoleon was forced to abdicate and was exiled to Elba in May 1814.

Construction[edit]

The monument at night in 2015

In 1814 proposals to build a monument to commemorate the battle were made. Among the supporters of the project, author Ernst Moritz Arndt called for the construction of "a large and magnificent (monument), like a colossus, a pyramid, or the cathedral of Cologne". Architect Friedrich Weinbrenner created a design for the monument that ultimately was not used.[3]

In 1863, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the battle, a foundation stone was placed, but the memorial was not built.[4] Clemens Thieme, a member of the Verein für die Geschichte Leipzigs (Association for the History of Leipzig) learned during a meeting of the association about the past plans to build a monument. Interested in resuming the project, Thieme, who was also a member of the Apollo masonic lodge, proposed the project during a meeting and gained the support of his fellow masons.[5] In 1894, he founded the Deutsche Patriotenbund (Association of German Patriots) which raised, by means of donations and a lottery, the funds necessary to construct the monument for the 100th anniversary . The following year, the city of Leipzig donated a 40,000-square-metre (9.9-acre) site for the construction.[6] The project was commissioned to Bruno Schmitz, due to his previous works at the Kyffhäuser.[4] The construction began in 1898. The chosen construction site was the spot where Napoleon ordered the retreat of his army.[2] Thieme financed part of the construction as well, and for his complete dedication to the project, he was named an Honorary Citizen of Leipzig.[5]

In 1898, the construction started. 82,000 cubic metres (107,000 cu yd) of earth was moved; 26,500 granite blocks were used and the project resulted in a total cost of 6,000,000ℳ (54,541,810€ in 2017),[2] the monument was finished in 1913.[7] On the 18th of October 1913 the Völkerschlachtdenkmal was inaugurated in the presence of about 100 000 people including the emperor Wilhelm II, and all the reigning sovereign rulers of the German states.[8]

Design and concept[edit]

Inspired by Weinbrenner's early project,[9] Schmitz constructed the monument over an artificial hill,[2] and selected a pyramidal shape for a clear view of the surroundings.[10] The base is 124 metres (407 ft) square. The main structure, at 91 metres (299 ft), is one of the tallest monuments in Europe. It is composed of two storeys. On the first story, a crypt is adorned by eight large statues of fallen warriors, each one next to smaller statues called the Totenwächter (Guardians of the Dead). On the second story, the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) features four statues, each 9.5 metres (31 ft) tall, representing the four legendary historic qualities ascribed to the German people: bravery, faith, sacrifice, and fertility.[10] The statues of the monument were sculpted by Christian Behrens and his apprentice Franz Metzner,[2] who finished the remaining statues after Behrens's death in 1905.[11] Metzner worked on the sculptures at the top and inside the memorial.[12]

  • Crypt of the Monument

  • Archangel Michael

  • Wächterfiguren (guards)

  • Dome of the memorial

  • Dome details

The memorial is constructed in granite and sandstone. The cupola is decorated with primitive Germanic shapes, inspired by Egyptian and Assyrian sculpture. Schmitz also planned to create an accompanying complex for ceremonies that would include a court, a stadium and parade grounds. However, only a reflecting pool and two processional avenues were ultimately completed.[13] Surrounding the monument are oaks, a symbol of masculine strength and endurance to the Germanic people of antiquity. The oaks are complemented by evergreens, symbolising feminine fecundity, and they are located in a subordinate position to the oaks.[14] The 12 metres (39 ft) main figure on the front of the memorial represents the archangel Michael, considered the "War god of Germans".[15][16]

The design of the monument was intended to commemorate the spirit of the German folk. Unlike previous monuments that commemorated the achievements of the monarchy, this one was created to commemorate the end of the battle in 1813, the establishment of a German community, and the maturation of the Germans as an organised ethnic group.[10]

From the Third Reich through East Germany to the present[edit]

German 3 Mark 1913 Commemorative coin Centennial of the Battle of Leipzig, design Friedrich Wilhelm Hörnlein (de)
German 3 Mark 1913 Commemorative coin Centennial of the Battle of Leipzig, reverse

During the Third Reich, Hitler frequently used the monument as a venue for his meetings in Leipzig.[13] When the US Army captured Leipzig on April 18, 1945, the monument was one of the last strongholds in the city to surrender. One hundred and fifty SS soldiers with ammunition and foodstuffs stored in the structure to last three months dug themselves in, but were blasted with artillery and defeated.[17]

During the period of Communist rule in East Germany from 1949 to 1989, the government of the GDR was unsure whether it should allow the monument to stand, since it was considered to represent the steadfast nationalism of the period of the German Empire. Eventually, it was decided that the monument be allowed to remain, since it represented a battle in which Russian and German soldiers had fought together against a common enemy, and was therefore representative of Deutsch-russische Waffenbrüderschaft (Russo-German brotherhood-in-arms).

In 1956, the opening ceremony of the Gymnastics and Sports Festival took place in the memorial complex; the authorities stated that the monument could be interpreted as a symbol of "long-standing German-Russian friendship".[18] The festival planners focused the spirit of the celebrations on German history, and the ceremony as a symbol of the desired German union.[19]

Restoration of the monument started in 2012, and was completed in 2013, the year of the two-hundredth anniversary of the battle. The Monument of the Battle of Nations is located in the southeast of Leipzig and can be reached by tram lines 15 and 2 at Völkerschlachtdenkmal.

Later structures inspired by the Monument[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ leipzig-sachsen.de Das Völki, wie das Denkmal von der Bevölkerung Leipzigs gern genannt wird, ist Anziehungspunkt von Touristen aus aller Welt., retrieved March 26, 2014
  2. ^ a b c d e Pohlsander; p.170
  3. ^ Pohlsander; p.168
  4. ^ a b Pohlsander; p.169
  5. ^ a b Hoffmann; p.122
  6. ^ "The Völkerschlachtdenkmal and its History". Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig. Retrieved August 23, 2011. 
  7. ^ Kamusella; p.180[clarification needed]
  8. ^ "Völkerschlachtdenkmal in Leipzig, Pyramide des Patrioten" (in German). Hamburg: Der Spiegel. 2013-10-18. Retrieved 24 May 2015. 
  9. ^ Koshar; pp.43,44
  10. ^ a b c Koshar; p.44
  11. ^ Sembach; p.28
  12. ^ Sembach; p.38
  13. ^ a b Michalski; p.65
  14. ^ Koshar; p.46
  15. ^ Eisenschmid, Rainer, ed. (2011). Deutschland, Osten [Germany, East] (in German). Baedeker. p. 328. ISBN 9783829712279. 
  16. ^ Keller & Schmid 1995, p. 9.
  17. ^ Taylor, Alan (19 June – 30 October 2011). "World War II in Photos". The Atlantic.  |chapter= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Johnson; p.37
  19. ^ Johnson; p.38

Bibliography[edit]

  • Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig (2007). The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840-1918. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11573-0. 
  • Kamusella, Tomasz (2007). Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848-1918. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-371-5. 
  • Koshar, Rudy (2000). From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory, 1870-1990. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21768-3. 
  • Johnson, Molly Wilkinson (2008). Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany. Studies in Central European Histories. 44. Brill. ISBN 9789004169579. 
  • Keller, Katrin; Schmid, Hans-Dieter, eds. (1995). "Das Völkerschlachtdenkmal als Gegenstand der Geschichtskultur" [The Battle Monument as the subject of history culture]. Vom Kult zur Kulisse [The cult of scenery] (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISBN 978-3-929031-60-7. 
  • Michalski, Sergiusz (1998). Public Monuments: Art in Political Bondage, 1870-1997. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861890252. 
  • Pohlsander, Hans (2008). National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany. New German-American Studies. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-352-1. 
  • Sembach, Klaus-Jürgen (2002). Art Nouveau. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-2022-3. 

External links[edit]

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