Texas Motor Speedway

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Texas Motor Speedway
The Great American Speedway
Texas Motor Speedway.png
Location 3545 Lone Star Circle, Fort Worth, Texas 76177
Time zone UTC−6 / −5 (DST)
Capacity 181,655[1]
Owner Speedway Motorsports, Inc.
Operator Speedway Motorsports, Inc.
Broke ground April 11, 1995
Opened February 29, 1996
Construction cost $250 million USD
Former names Texas International Raceway (1996)
Major events Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
O'Reilly Auto Parts 500
AAA Texas 500
NASCAR Xfinity Series
My Bariatric Solutions 300
O'Reilly Auto Parts 300
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
winstaronlinegaming.com 400
Jag Metals 350
Verizon IndyCar Series
Rainguard Water Sealers 600
Oval
Surface Asphalt
Length 1.44 (IndyCar) / 1.5 (NASCAR) mi (2.32 (Indycar) / 2.4 (NASCAR) km)
Turns 4
Banking Turns: 1-2 20° & 3-4 24°
Race lap record 0:22.542 (Paul Tracy, Team Green, 2001, CART FedEx Championship Series)
Website www.texasmotorspeedway.com

Texas Motor Speedway is a speedway located in the northernmost portion of the U.S. city of Fort Worth, Texas – the portion located in Denton County, Texas. The reconfigurated track measures 1.44 miles (2.32 km) with banked 20° in turns 1 and 2 and banked 24° in turns 3 and 4. Texas Motor Speedway is a quad-oval design, where the front straightaway juts outward slightly. The track layout is similar to Atlanta Motor Speedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway. The track is owned by Speedway Motorsports, Inc., the same company that owns Atlanta and Charlotte Motor Speedways, as well as the short-track Bristol Motor Speedway.

History[edit]

Texas Motor Speedway Club building in Fort Worth, Texas
Aerial view of Texas Motor Speedway
Interior view of Texas Motor Speedway

The speedway has been managed since its inception by racing promoter Eddie Gossage.

Based on qualifying speeds in 2004, 2005, and 2006 (with Brian Vickers shattering the qualifying record at Texas with a speed of 196.235 mph (315.810 km/h) in the 2006 Dickies 500 qualifying), the Texas Motor Speedway was once considered the fastest non-restrictor plate track on the NASCAR circuit, with qualifying speeds in excess of 192 mph (309 km/h) and corner entry speeds over 200 mph (320 km/h). However, as the tracks' respective racing surfaces continue to wear, qualifying speeds at Atlanta have become consistently faster than at Texas (2005 and 2006). Brian Vickers holds the qualifying record at TMS. In 2006, he posted a 196.235 mph (315.810 km/h) speed. Elliott Sadler beat the record before Brian, qualifying in the 49/50th spot. Being the last person out on the track, Brian nipped Elliott Sadler's qualifying time.[2] The NASCAR records still fall short of the all-time TMS qualifying record though. Driving a Lola Ford Champ Car, Kenny Brack took pole for the aborted Firestone Firehawk 600, with an average speed of 233.447 mph in 2001.

Two racetracks formerly on the Winston Cup (now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series) schedule were closed to make room for Texas Motor Speedway's two race dates, with the North Wilkesboro Speedway being bought by TMS owner Bruton Smith and New Hampshire International Speedway owner Bob Bahre. The track was closed with one of the track's two dates going to both new owners. The North Carolina Speedway in Rockingham, North Carolina was also sold to Smith as a result of the Ferko lawsuit with the track's one remaining date also being handed over to Texas.

Texas Motor Speedway is home to two Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races: the O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 and the AAA Texas 500, as well as two Xfinity Series races, the O'Reilly Auto Parts 300 and the O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge and the Indy Racing League Verizon IndyCar series race, the Firestone 600. The track also hosts two NASCAR Camping World Truck Series races, the Rattlesnake 400 (which takes place on the same weekend as the IndyCar Firestone 600) and the Jag Metals 350.

For a short time during construction in September 1996, the track's name was changed to Texas International Raceway. SMI's customary track naming convention had planned to have the "Motor Speedway" as part of the name. However, in August 1996, a small quarter-mile dirt raceway in Alvin, Texas (now known as Texas Thunder Speedway) had filed suit to use the name. On December 2, 1996, a settlement between the two tracks saw the "Texas Motor Speedway" name reinstated to the 1.5-mile (2.4 km) oval, and the small number of Texas International Raceway merchandise instantly became collectible.

Between 2001 and 2002, the track, after the reconfiguration in 1998, was repaved because of a hole in turn three. On August 17, 2010, a press conference was held and it was announced that TMS's spring race will become a Saturday night event in 2011. The Samsung Mobile 500 was held on Saturday April 9, 2011. The same year, the apron of the speedway was repaved.

Jeff Burton (1997) and Dale Earnhardt, Jr (2000) both earned their first Cup win at Texas Motor Speedway. Earnhardt's victory was a then-record for fewest races to notch a victory in the "modern era" on the Cup circuit, winning in just his 12th start, breaking the record held by his father, Dale Earnhardt (16 starts). (The record has since been broken three times, by Kevin Harvick (3 starts), Jamie McMurray (2 starts) and Trevor Bayne (2 starts).

On October 13, 2000, Tony Roper was racing in the Craftsman Truck Series O'Reilly 400 at Texas Motor Speedway when he attempted to pass Steve Grissom. However, another truck veered up the racetrack in the tri-oval, forcing Roper to evade, turning him into Grissom's front bumper. The contact caused Roper's #26 Ford to take a sudden hard-right turn, which then caused the truck to slam head-on into the concrete wall of the tri-oval. Roper died the next day as the result of the injuries he sustained from the crash.

In fall of 2012, Gossage added a carnival outside turn two to promote the track's "Wild Asphalt Circus" theme.[3] On September 23, 2013, the track announced that by the 2014 spring Cup race, the world's largest video screen will be added. The Panasonic screen, nicknamed "Big Hoss", will be 218 feet (66 m) wide and 94.6 feet (28.8 m) tall.[4]

In 2014, Texas Motor Speedway did not sell tickets on the backstretch for either of its NASCAR Cup Series races, reducing the seating capacity of the track to 112,552.[5] The world's largest high-definition video screen at a motor speedway, Big Hoss, was introduced in the Duck Commander 500.

Firestone Firehawk 600[edit]

The Firestone Firehawk 600, a CART race, was to be held on April 29, 2001. During practice and qualifying, however, 21 of 25 drivers[6] complained of dizziness and disorientation during two days of practice. Drivers experienced sustained G forces over 5 Gs, more than the typical human tolerance. With their powerful 900+ hp turbocharged engines and superspeedway downforce packages, the Champ Cars were averaging speeds well in excess of 230 mph. This was much faster than IRL machinery of the time, and faster still than the speeds seen regularly by NASCAR Cup Series cars.

With the possibility of drivers blacking out on the track, CART cancelled the race two hours before the scheduled start.

Statistics[edit]

Track records[edit]

TexasMotorSpeedway.svg

Note: The NASCAR timing and scoring use a length of 1.50 miles (2.41 km).[7] This length was used by IRL in their races in 1997 and 1998, too.[8] Since 1999 the IRL timing and scoring use a remeasured track length of 1.455 miles (2.342 km).[9] The CART measured for the inaugural and later cancelled race a length of 1.482 miles (2.385 km).[10] In 2017 IndyCar use a track length of 1.44 miles for timing and scoring.[11]

1.5 miles (2.4 km) quad-oval
Record Year Date Driver Car make Time Speed/Average speed
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Qualifying 2017 November 3 Kurt Busch Ford 26.877 200.915 mph (323.341 km/h)
Race (500 miles) 2012 April 14 Greg Biffle Ford 3:07:12 160.577 mph (258.424 km/h)
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Qualifying 2002 April 5 Jeff Green Chevrolet 27.908 193.493 mph (311.397 km/h)
Race (300 miles) 2008 April 5 Kyle Busch Toyota 1:58:39 151.707 mph (244.149 km/h)
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
Qualifying 2017 November 3 Justin Haley Chevrolet 29.004 186.181 mph (299.629 km/h)
Race (200 miles) 2015 November 6 Erik Jones Toyota 1:23:44 158.002 mph (254.280 km/h)
Verizon IndyCar Series
Qualifying 2017 June 9 Scott Dixon Dallara G-Force 23.2854 225.979 mph (363.678 km/h)
Race (165 mi (266 km)) 2011 June 11 Will Power Dallara Honda 0:48:09 206.693 mph (332.640 km/h)
CART
Qualifying 2001 April 28 Kenny Bräck Lola Cosworth 22.854 233.447 mph (375.697 km/h)
Practice 2001 April 28 Paul Tracy Reynard Honda 22.542 236.678 mph (380.896 km/h)
Source:[12]

Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series[edit]

The pace car leading the field at the 2007 fall race

Records[edit]

(As of 4/9/17)

Most Wins 7 Jimmie Johnson
Most Top 5s 15 Jimmie Johnson
Most Top 10s 21 Jimmie Johnson
Starts 30 Jeff Gordon
Poles 2 7 Drivers
Most Laps Completed 9617 Matt Kenseth
Most Laps Led 1041 Jimmie Johnson
Avg. Start* 8.0 Steve Park
Avg. Finish 6.0 Chase Elliott

* from minimum 3 starts.

Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series winners[edit]

Year Date No. Driver Team Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed
(mph)
Report
Laps Miles (km)
1997 April 6 99 Jeff Burton Roush Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 4:00:16 125.111 Report
1998 April 5 6 Mark Martin Roush Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:39:47 136.771 Report
1999 March 28 5 Terry Labonte Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:28:21 144.276 Report
2000 April 2 8 Dale Earnhardt Jr. Dale Earnhardt, Inc. Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:49:12 131.152 Report
2001 April 1 88 Dale Jarrett Robert Yates Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:31:59 141.804 Report
2002 April 8* 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:31:01 142.453 Report
2003 March 30 12 Ryan Newman Penske Racing Dodge 334 501 (806.281) 3:43:28 134.517 Report
2004 April 4 38 Elliott Sadler Robert Yates Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:36:30 138.845 Report
2005 April 17 16 Greg Biffle Roush Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:51:08 130.055 Report
November 6 99 Carl Edwards Roush Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:19:00 151.055 Report
2006 April 9 9 Kasey Kahne Evernham Motorsports Dodge 334 501 (806.281) 3:37:55 137.943 Report
November 5 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing Chevrolet 339* 508.5 (818.351) 3:46:11 134.891 Report
2007 April 15 31 Jeff Burton Richard Childress Racing Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:39:41 143.359 Report
November 4 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:49:05 131.219 Report
2008 April 6 99 Carl Edwards Roush Fenway Racing Ford 339* 508.5 (818.351) 3:30:41 144.814 Report
November 2 99 Carl Edwards Roush Fenway Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:28:26 144.219 Report
2009 April 5 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:25:22 146.372 Report
November 8 2 Kurt Busch Penske Racing Dodge 334 501 (806.281) 3:24:18 147.137 Report
2010 April 19* 11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 334 501 (806.281) 3:25:34 146.23 Report
November 7 11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 334 501 (806.281) 3:34:01 140.456 Report
2011* April 9 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Fenway Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:21:26 149.231 Report
November 6 14 Tony Stewart Stewart-Haas Racing Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:16:51 152.705 Report
2012 April 14 16 Greg Biffle Roush Fenway Racing Ford 334 501 (806.281) 3:07:12 160.577 Report
November 4 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 335* 502.5 (808.695) 3:41:30 136.117 Report
2013 April 13 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 334 501 (806.281) 3:27:40 144.751 Report
November 3 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:18:05 151.754 Report
2014 April 7*[13] 22 Joey Logano Team Penske Ford 340* 510 (820.765) 3:39:02 134.191 Report
November 2 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 341* 511.5 (823.179) 3:52:05 132.239 Report
2015 April 11 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:33:57 140.5 Report
November 8 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:38:38 137.49 Report
2016 April 9-10* 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 334 501 (806.281) 3:37:16 138.355 Report
November 6 19 Carl Edwards Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota 293* 439.5 (707.306) 3:16:00 134.541 Report
2017 April 9 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Chevrolet 334 501 (806.281) 3:24:18 147.137 Report

Notes[edit]

  • 2002, 2010 (spring), & 2014 (spring): Race moved from Sunday afternoon to Monday afternoon due to rain.
  • 2006 (fall), 2008 (spring), 2012 (spring) and 2014 (both): Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish. 2014 (fall) took two attempts.
  • 2011 (spring): First scheduled night event in Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series history at Texas Motor Speedway.
  • 2016 (spring): Race was delayed by rain for 2 hours. Race was completed early Sunday morning at 2:45 am CT.
  • 2016 (fall): Race shortened due to rain.

Verizon IndyCar Series winners[edit]

Season Date Driver Team Chassis Engine Race Distance Race Time Average Speed
(mph)
Report
Laps Miles (km)
1996-97 June 7, 1997 Netherlands Arie Luyendyk* Treadway Racing G-Force Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 2:19:48 133.903 Report
1998 June 6 United States Billy Boat A.J. Foyt Enterprises Dallara Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 2:08:46 145.388 Report
September 20 United States John Paul, Jr. Byrd/Cunningham Racing G-Force Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 2:21:53 131.931 Report
1999 June 12 Canada Scott Goodyear Panther Racing G-Force Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 2:00:06 150.069 Report
October 17 United States Mark Dismore Kelley Racing Dallara Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 2:14:16 135.246 Report
2000 June 11* United States Scott Sharp Kelley Racing Dallara Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 1:47:20 169.182 Report
October 15 Canada Scott Goodyear Panther Racing Dallara Oldsmobile 208 312 (502.115) 1:43:36 175.276 Report
2001 June 9 United States Scott Sharp Kelley Racing Dallara Oldsmobile 200 300 (482.803) 1:55:44 150.873 Report
October 6* United States Sam Hornish, Jr. Panther Racing Dallara Oldsmobile 200 300 (482.803) 1:43:36 168.523 Report
2002 June 8 United States Jeff Ward Chip Ganassi Racing G-Force Chevrolet 200 300 (482.803) 1:45:50 164.984 Report
September 15 United States Sam Hornish, Jr. Panther Racing Dallara Chevrolet 200 300 (482.803) 1:46:29 163.981 Report
2003 June 7 United States Al Unser, Jr. Kelley Racing Dallara Toyota 200 300 (482.803) 1:43:48 168.213 Report
October 13 Brazil Gil de Ferran Team Penske Dallara Toyota 195* 292.5 (470.733) 1:48:56 156.268 Report
2004 June 12 Brazil Tony Kanaan Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda 200 300 (482.803) 1:53:24 153.965 Report
October 17 Brazil Hélio Castroneves Team Penske Dallara Toyota 200 300 (482.803) 1:49:32 159.397 Report
2005 June 11 South Africa Tomas Scheckter Panther Racing Dallara Chevrolet 200 300 (482.803) 1:45:47 165.047 Report
2006 June 10 Brazil Hélio Castroneves Team Penske Dallara Honda 200 300 (482.803) 1:34:01 185.71 Report
2007 June 9 United States Sam Hornish, Jr. Team Penske Dallara Honda 228 342 (550.395) 1:52:15 177.314 Report
2008 June 7 New Zealand Scott Dixon Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 228 342 (550.395) 2:04:36 159.74 Report
2009 June 6 Brazil Hélio Castroneves Team Penske Dallara Honda 228 342 (550.395) 1:55:16 172.677 Report
2010 June 5 Australia Ryan Briscoe Team Penske Dallara Honda 228 342 (550.395) 2:04:47 159.508 Report
2011 June 11 United Kingdom Dario Franchitti Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda 114 171 (275.197) 0:54:47 181.649 Report
Australia Will Power Team Penske Dallara Honda 114 171 (275.197) 0:48:09 206.693
2012 June 9 United Kingdom Justin Wilson Dale Coyne Racing Dallara Honda 228 342 (550.395) 1:59:02 167.217 Report
2013 June 8 Brazil Hélio Castroneves Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet 228 342 (550.395) 1:52:17 177.257 Report
2014 June 7 United States Ed Carpenter Ed Carpenter Racing Dallara Chevrolet 248 372 (595.2) 2:01:25 178.301 Report
2015 June 6 New Zealand Scott Dixon Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Chevrolet 248 372 (598.676) 1:52:48 191.94 Report
2016 June 12
/August 27*
United States Graham Rahal Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing Dallara Honda 248 372 (598.676) 2:29:25 144.901 Report
2017 June 10 Australia Will Power Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet 248 372 (598.676) 2:32:31 140.491 Report
  • 1997: Billy Boat took checkered flag as the winner due to scoring error; Luyendyk declared official winner the following day.
  • 2000 and 2016: Postponed from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon due to rain. 2016 race further postponed due to more rain/logistical issues.
  • 2001: Postponed from September 16 due to 9/11.
  • 2003: Race shortened due to crash involving Kenny Bräck.

Current races hosted[edit]

A glimpse of the Texas Motor Speedway stadium before the crowds arrive.

Other races such as the Lone Star Legends[15] series take place during the summer. The dirt track facility hosts the occasional Monster Truck show as well as motocross and short course racing.[16]

Other events[edit]

On June 14, 1997 Texas Motor Speedway hosted the Fruit of the Loom CountryFest for an estimated 185,000 spectators. Featured performers were Jo Dee Messina, Bryan White, Wynonna Judd, Vince Gill, The Charlie Daniels Band, Hank Williams Jr., LeAnn Rimes, Travis Tritt, and Randy Travis.

On June 21, 1997 Texas Motor Speedway hosted the Blockbuster Rock Fest where an estimated 385,000 fans bought tickets and attended. The 15 hour plus and 16 band concert featured the likes of Bush, No Doubt, Collective Soul, Matchbox Twenty, Jewel, the Wallflowers, the Counting Crows, Third Eye Blind, Sugar Ray, Paula Cole as well as many others. Because fans started arriving the night before, VH1 organized a kickoff concert on that Friday night. The concert remains one of the top attended concerts ever.

Ongoing classes and events are held regularly at the facility, such as the Texas Driving Experience[17] and Team Texas.[18] Eighty-seven-year-old Don Krusemark was killed in an accident during an event at the speedway hosted by the Texas Driving Experience.[19]

The Traxxas TORC Series held the series' first off-road racing event in 2009 at Texas Motor Speedway.[20] The 0.4 mile clay oval at the facility was transformed by adding jumps and whoops.[20] Winners in the two-race weekend were: Pro-4 winner Rick Huseman won twice; Pro-2 events were claimed by Ricky Johnson and Scott Taylor; and for Pro Lite class winners were Marty Hart and Casey Currie.[21] It was the only TORC event held at the track as of 2013.

In June 2017, the track hosted the Speed Energy Formula Off-Road series (popularly known as the Stadium Super Trucks) as a support event for IndyCar. The series raced on a dirt track consisting of the infield, pit road, and the frontstretch. To promote the event, the speedway's turn two featured an off-road expo nicknamed the "Off-Road Ruckus", allowing visitors to drive their off-road vehicles along an obstacle course and observe exhibits.[22]

The first annual Christian alt-rock festival FortyFest was held at the Texas Motor Speedway "Little Texas" facility in August 2010.

Texas Motor Speedway made an unsuccessful overture to move the annual Texas-Oklahoma rivalry football game from the Cotton Bowl to the infield of the modern racing facility in 2004.[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Track Facts". Texas Motor Speedway. Retrieved 13 January 2015. 
  2. ^ "NASCAR Cup Series Schedule, Results & Tickets on". Nascar.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07. 
  3. ^ Mark Aumann, NASCAR.COM. "The evolution of race promotion - Nov 06, 2012". Nascar.Com. Retrieved 2012-11-07. 
  4. ^ Cain, Holly (2013-09-23). "Texas Motor Speedway to add largest HD video board". NASCAR. Retrieved 2013-09-23. 
  5. ^ "TMS not selling backstretch tickets". ESPN. Associated Press. November 25, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013. 
  6. ^ Firestone Firehawk 600 lineup. Usatoday.Com (2001-04-28). Retrieved on 2013-07-18.
  7. ^ Texas Motor Speedway at NASCAR.com
  8. ^ 1997 race result on champcarstats.com
  9. ^ 2015 IndyCar race result at Indycar homepage
  10. ^ 2001 quali result on champcarstats.com
  11. ^ 2017 IndyCar practice results at IndyCar homepage
  12. ^ "Race Results at Texas Motor Speedway". Racingreference.info. Retrieved 25 November 2010. 
  13. ^ Hawkins, Stephen (April 6, 2014). "Rain postpones NASCAR race at Texas Motor Speedway". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved April 6, 2014. 
  14. ^ Davison, Drew (August 27, 2016). "Texas Motor Speedway adds 'extreme motorsports' truck race in 2017". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved September 1, 2016. 
  15. ^ Lone Star Legends Website is und. Lslegends.webhost4life.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.
  16. ^ [1] Archived May 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ "Total Driving Experience". Texasdrivingexperience.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07. 
  18. ^ "Team Texas High Performance Driving School". Teamtexas.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07. 
  19. ^ Norton, Casey. (2010-05-17) Prize for blood donor ends in death at Speedway | wfaa.com Dallas - Fort Worth. Wfaa.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.
  20. ^ a b "TRAXXAS TORC Series Hosts Season Opener at Texas Motor Speedway Dirt Track". Who Won.com. Retrieved January 14, 2013. 
  21. ^ "A Behind the Scenes Perspective of the TORC Series Debut in Texas". Race Dezert.com. Retrieved January 14, 2013.  |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  22. ^ Davison, Drew (June 7, 2017). "Stadium Super Trucks to create mega buzz at TMS". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved June 9, 2017. 
  23. ^ B. Duane Cross, NASCAR.COM. "Smith hoping to lure college football to Bristol - Aug 26, 2005". Nascar.Com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2012-11-07. 

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 33°02′13″N 97°16′59″W / 33.03689°N 97.28309°W / 33.03689; -97.28309