Shimla

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  ?Shimla
Himachal Pradesh • India
Map indicating the location of Shimla
Thumbnail map of India with Himachal Pradesh highlighted
Location of Shimla
 Shimla 
Coordinates: 31°06′40″N 77°09′14″E / 31.111, 77.154
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area
• Elevation		 25 km² (10 sq mi)
• 2,130 m (6,988 ft)
District(s) Shimla
Population
• Density		 163,000[1] (2001)
• 120/km² (311/sq mi)
Municipal Commissioner Shekhar Gupta
Mayor Sohan Lal
Codes
• Pincode
• Telephone
• UN/LOCODE
• Vehicle
• 171 0xx
• +0177
• INSHI
• HP-03, HP-51

Coordinates: 31°06′40″N 77°09′14″E / 31.111, 77.154

“Simla” redirects here. For the town in the United States, see Simla, Colorado.

Shimla pronunciation (help·info) [ʃɪmla] (Hindi: शिमला), originally called Simla, is a city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is also the capital of the state and a municipality within the Shimla district[1]. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the erstwhile British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills" (a term coined by the British). Located in north-west Himalayas at an altitude of 2,130 metres (6,988 ft), the city of Shimla, draped in forests of pine, rhododendron, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture reminiscent of the colonial era. Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes in India[2]. Shimla is approximately 115 km (71.4 miles) from Chandigarh, the nearest major city, and 365 km (226.8 miles) from New Delhi, the national capital. The city is named after the goddess Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Kali.[3]

Contents

[edit] History

Shimla city view from the railway station
Shimla city view from the railway station

Shimla was discovered by the British in 1819 after the Gurkha War. At that time it was known for the temple of Hindu Goddess Shyamala Devi. Scottish civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first British summer home in the town in 1822. Shimla, or Simla as it was called until recently, had already caught the eye of Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835. In a letter to Colonel Churchill in 1832 he wrote[4]

“ Simla is only four days march from Loodianah, is easy of access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun ”

By the latter half of the 19th century the town had become the summer capital of the British Raj[5]. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The Kalka-Shimla railway line, constructed in 1906, added to its accessibility and popularity. The railway route, touted as an engineering feat, came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient"[5]. In addition, Shimla was also the capital of undivided state of Punjab in 1871 and remained so until the construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of Punjab). Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.

Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the Viceregal lodge, Auckland House, Gorton Castle, Peterhoff house, and Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India.[6][1]

[edit] Geography

Passenger train on the Kalka-Shimla Railway route
Passenger train on the Kalka-Shimla Railway route

Shimla is located in the north-western ranges of the Himalayas. At an average altitude of 2397.59 meters (7866.10 feet) above mean sea level, the city is spread on a ridge and its seven spurs. The city stretches nearly 9.2 km from east to west[7]. The highest point in Shimla, at 2454 meters (8051 feet), is the Jakhoo hill. Shimla is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region[8][9]. There are no bodies of water near the main city and the closest river, Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 miles) away[10]. Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are Giri, and Pabbar (both are tributaries of Yamuna). The green belt in Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1023 acres)[5]. The main forests in and around the city are that of pine, deodar, oak and rhododendron[11]. Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot[12]. Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains[8][13].

The climate in Shimla is predominantly cold during winters, and moderately warm during summers. The temperatures range from 3.95 °C (39.11 °F) to 32.95 °C (91.31 °F) over the year.[14] The average temperature during summer is between 14 °C and 20 °C, and between -7 °C and 10 °C in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 24 mm in November to 415 mm in July. It is typically around 45 mm per month during winter and spring and around 115 mm in June as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1520 mm (62 inches). Snowfall in the region, which usually took place in the month of December has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[15]

[edit] Economy

Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism[16]. Being the administrative capital of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the city houses several central and state government offices. Government jobs account for almost half (47%) of the working population. Direct hospitality industry personnel such as tour guides, hotel and restaurant employees, etc., are few (10%) but high-profile. Individual crafts and small scale industries, such as tourist souvenir production and horticultural produce processing, comprise most of the remainder.

Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla
Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla

In addition to being the local hub of transportation and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare center, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:[17] the Indira Gandhi Hospital (formerly known as Snowden Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital,) Kamala Nehru Hospital, and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot[16].

[edit] Civic administration

Town Hall as seen from the Ridge
Town Hall as seen from the Ridge

The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and the surrounding planning areas of Dhalli, Tutu, and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal corporation. Established in 1851, the Shimla municipal corporation is an elected body comprising 27 councilors 3 of which are nominated by the government of Himachal Pradesh[7]. The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics and other activities. 33% seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councilors themselves. As of June 2007, the two major political parties are the Indian National Congress (in power) and BJP (opposition)[18]. The administrative head of the corporation is the commissioner who is appointed by the state government.

The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha), and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha)[19]. Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police department, Vigilance Department, Enforcement directorate, Forensics, Fire department, department of prisons, and Home Guard department. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla[20]. The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police department. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is also available for assistance to the local police for assistance[21]. There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court[22]

[edit] Demographics

Church on the Ridge
Church on the Ridge

Shimla city consists of the Shimla municipal corporation and Shimla planning areas(SPA). The SPAs are Dhalli, Tutu, and New Shimla urban agglomerations. As per the 2001 India Census[23], the city has a population of 1,42,161 spread over an area of 19.55 sq km[7]. A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism[7]. The largest demographic, 55%, is 16-45 years of age. A further 28% of the population are younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio - 930 girls for every 1000 boys in 2001[24] - is cause for concern, even though it is not atypical of the region.

The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialization, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development[25]. 84% of the population of Shimla city is literate, compared to 80% in Shimla district and 77% in the entire state%[26]. The majority of Shimla's population consists of natives of Himachal Pradesh. A large minority is composed of Partition-era migrants from Pakistan. Hindi, Punjabi and Pahari are the main languages. The major religion is Hinduism, followed by Sikhism. Other religious groups include Christians and Tibetan Buddhists.

[edit] Culture

A folk celebration in Shimla
A folk celebration in Shimla
Stained Glass windows at St. Michael's Catholic Church (1850) Shimla.
Stained Glass windows at St. Michael's Catholic Church (1850) Shimla.

The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The Shimla Summer Festival, held every year during peak tourist season, [27], and lasting 3-4 days, is celebrated on the ridge. The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country.[28] Shimla has a number of places to visit. Local hangouts like the mall road and ridge are in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original tudorbethan architecture. The Viceregal lodge which houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower hall that is now a luxury hotel are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewelery and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built in 1974). Further out from the city is the Naldehra nine-hole golf course, the oldest of its kind in India[29]. Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city. Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the ridge, is famous for souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi) from the main city, is the name of hot Sulpher springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of river Satluj. Shimla is also home to Asia's only natural Ice skating rink[30]. State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. The Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figure skating events. Due to effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on ice every winter have been decreasing in the past few years.

Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. Jakhoo Temple, for the Hindu god Hanuman is located at the highest point in Shimla[citation needed]. Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city. The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a Gurudwara near the bus terminus and a Church on the ridge.

Famous people associated with Shimla include English author Rudyard Kipling, Indian film personalities Anupam Kher, Preity Zinta, Amrish Puri (who studied here), and Prem Chopra (brought up here), economist and former vice-president of World Bank Shahid Javed Burki, Satyananda Stokes who introduced apple in the region, writer Idries Shah, ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume (had his home here), and former general of Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who studied here.

[edit] Education

Public library on the Ridge
Public library on the Ridge

The city has 14 anganwadis and 63 primary schools[7]. There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular schools in the city are: Bishop Cotton School, Sacred Heart Convent (Tara Hall), St Edward's School, DAV Public School, Convent of Jesus and Mary, Auckland House, and Dayanand Public School. Most schools are either affiliated to the CISCE council or the CBSE board.

The medical institutes in Shimla are Indira Gandhi Medical College and Dental college. St. Bedes and Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV) are girls-only colleges. Government College Sanjauli, and Government College Chaura Maidan are also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal Lodge, is a residential center for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion, and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University is also based in Shimla. Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the University has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge, has 7000.[31]. Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and National Academy of Audit and Accounts for training of officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts services.

[edit] Places Of Interest

The Mall: The Mall is the main shopping centre of Shimla. It also has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, Post Offices and tourist offices. The Gaiety Theatre is also situated there. People walk up and down the Mall slowly, stopping to gossip, as it is the main meeting place for everyone. The Ridge and Scandal point are the two main meeting points at the Mall.

Christ Church, Ridge ShimlaChrist Church: Situated on the Ridge is Christ Church, which is the second oldest church in Northern India. It has a very majestic appearance and inside there are stained glass windows which represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience and humility. Christ Church is a place all visitors should spend some time in.

Jakhu Hill: 2 km from Shimla, at a height of 8000 ft, Jakhu Hill is the highest peak and offers a beautiful view of the town and of the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the Hill, is an old temple of Hanuman, which is also the home of countless playful monkeys waiting to be fed by all visitors.

Shimla State Museum: The Museum, which was opened in 1974, has tried to project hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles and jewellery of the region.

Indian Institute of Advanced Studies: This institute is housed in the Viceregal Lodge, which was built in 1884-88 during the British times. It has spacious gardens and is ringed by beautiful pine trees. All is calm and serene just the right atmosphere for a student of literature or politics.

Summer Hill: Situated at a distance of 5 km from the Ridge is the lovely township of Summer Hill at a height of 6,500 ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University is situated here.

Annandale of the yesteryearsAnnandale: Developed as the playground of Shimla, Annandale is 2-4 km from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is a favourite spot for cricket, picnics and the princely game of polo.

Tara Devi: 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides. At a height of 6,070 ft, Tara Devi is an ideal place for a person wanting peace and some rest.

Sankat Mochan: A popular Hanuman temple is located here. We get an excellent view of Shimla from the temple. It can be reached by car or on foot.

Mashobra: 13 km away from Shimla, Mashobra has several excellent picnic spots. Mashobra is the site of the annual Sipi fair in June. The nearest rest house is at Craignano which is 3 km from Mashobra, and is a beautiful holiday resort.

Kufri
Left
Kufri: 16 km from Shimla at a height of 8,600 ft, Kufri is the winter sports capital. During winter, visitors have the facility for skiing. The skiing season is at its best during January and February. Equipment for sking is available from HPTDC winter sports club at Kufri. Apart from skiing, Kufri is a lovely picnic spot with a beautiful view of the hills around and the snowy peaks. There is also a zoo that delights children.
Image:Deodar12.jpg
Naldehra
Naldehra: 22 km from Shimla and surrounded by beautiful deodar trees. Naldehra has a well kept nine-hole golf-course. It is a lovely, popular picnic spot. The annual Sipi fair in June is held in Naldehra.

Chail
Left
Chail: Chail is a little mountainous heaven 45 km from Shimla. It was the summer capital of the Maharaja of Patiala before Independence. The forests near Chail have many species of birds and deer. Chail is known for its cricket pitch, which is the highest cricket ground in the world.

[edit] Transport

The Shimla Railway Station
The Shimla Railway Station

Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city center. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited on the mall, ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws common in other Indian cities are largely absent.

Shimla is well-connected by road and rail. The National Highway NH-22 connects Shimla to the nearest big city of Chandigarh. The scenic Kalka Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge track, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km[32]. Kalka, the plains rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. Flights from the airport at Jubbarhatti (12 km away)[33] connect Shimla to Delhi.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Official Web Site of District Shimla.
  2. ^ Narrow Gauge Routes. IRFCA - The Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  3. ^ Shimla Tourism, The Queen of Hills.
  4. ^ Researches and Missionary Labours Among the Jews, Mohammedans, and Other Sects By Joseph Wolff, published by O. Rogers, 1837
  5. ^ a b c Heritage of Shimla. Town & Country Planning Department, Shimla. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  6. ^ Shimla: Another age, another time. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2001-05-26.
  7. ^ a b c d e Shimla Municipal Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  8. ^ a b Concrete buildings make Shimla vulnerable to quake. Indiainfo.com. Retrieved on 2005-10-14.
  9. ^ Report from the field: Shimla City, India. GeoHazards International. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
  10. ^ Sight seeing tours around Shimla. HP Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  11. ^ H.P. Forest Department. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
  12. ^ Adarsh Batra (September 2001). "Himalayan Ecotourism In Shimla". ABAC Journal. Assumption University, AU Journal. 
  13. ^ Landslides disrupt traffic in Shimla. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2005-07-16.
  14. ^ World 66, Average temperatures and rain. World 66. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
  15. ^ 62cm and counting. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
  16. ^ a b City Development Plan, Shimla. Municipal Corporation, Shimla. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  17. ^ Department of Health and Family welfare, Himachal Pradesh. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
  18. ^ Cong retains hold on Shimla MC. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2002-04-30.
  19. ^ Indian Elections. Indian-elections.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
  20. ^ Shimla Helpline. Himachal Pradesh Government. Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
  21. ^ Himachal Pradesh Police. Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
  22. ^ High court of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh Government. Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
  23. ^ Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns. (Provisional). Census Commission of India. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
  24. ^ Missing: Mapping the Adverse Child Sex Ratio in India, UNFPA 2003
  25. ^ CM turns down demand for unemployment dole. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2007-04-05.
  26. ^ Himachal Census. Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
  27. ^ Himachal Tourism, Adventure Tourism. Himachal Tourism Official website. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  28. ^ Summer festival begins on melodious note. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2004-06-04.
  29. ^ HP Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
  30. ^ Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2001-02-11.
  31. ^ A state library on its last legs. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2001-02-02.
  32. ^ 100 years of pine-scented travel. The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved on 2003-11-08.
  33. ^ Shimla Airport, Airports Authority of India. Retrieved on 2007-05-18.

[edit] External links


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